Guanacaste Day in Costa Rica is celebrated every year on July 25. The holiday commemorates one of the most important moments in Costa Rican history: the Annexation of the Partido de Nicoya in 1824, when most of what is now the province of Guanacaste chose to become part of Costa Rica.
The day is also known as the Day of the Annexation of the Partido de Nicoya, and it is recognized as a national holiday across the country.
The Historical Background
In the early nineteenth century, Central America was undergoing major political change. Spanish rule had ended, and the region was redefining itself following independence.
In 1824, the Federal Republic of Central America included Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. This federation emerged after independence movements swept through Spanish America and reshaped the political structure of the region.
What Was the Partido de Nicoya?
During colonial times, the Partido de Nicoya was part of the Province of Nicaragua y Costa Rica. In 1821, that province split into two separate provinces: the Province of Nicaragua and the Province of Costa Rica.
After the split, the Partido de Nicoya remained part of the Province of Nicaragua. However, its geographic location, trade ties, and political relationships placed it between the two emerging nations.
The Decision to Join Costa Rica
As Central America reorganized, leaders in the major cities of the Partido de Nicoya began discussions about their future. The key cities involved were Nicoya, Santa Cruz, and Liberia, which at the time was known as Guanacaste.
Meetings were held to debate whether the region should remain part of Nicaragua or formally join Costa Rica. These discussions led to a referendum held on July 25, 1824.
In the vote, the populations of Nicoya and Santa Cruz chose to join Costa Rica, while the city of Liberia favored remaining with Nicaragua. Despite this division, the overall result supported incorporation into Costa Rica.
Official Ratification
The decision was later reviewed by the Central American Federal Republic, which officially ratified the incorporation on March 8, 1825.
From that point forward, most of what is now the province of Guanacaste became part of Costa Rica, shaping the country’s borders as they are known today.
Why Guanacaste Day Matters Today
Guanacaste Day is more than a historical anniversary. It reflects a unique moment in which a region chose its national identity through a democratic process rather than conflict.
The phrase commonly associated with the holiday, “De la patria por nuestra voluntad” (“Part of the homeland by our own will”), reflects this peaceful and voluntary decision.
How Guanacaste Day Is Observed
Guanacaste Day is a national holiday in Costa Rica.
On July 25, banks, government offices, and most private businesses are closed. Shopping malls and restaurants are usually open, and many towns hold cultural activities, school events, and local celebrations recognizing Guanacaste’s traditions, music, and history.
A Celebration of Costa Rica’s History
Costa Rica has a rich and distinctive history, and Guanacaste Day stands out as a reminder of how the country was shaped through choice and cooperation.
Whether you are Costa Rican or living in the country as a visitor or resident, July 25 offers a meaningful opportunity to reflect on the historical roots of one of Costa Rica’s most iconic provinces.
Article by Glenn Tellier (Founder of CRIE and Grupo Gap)
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